{"id":6,"date":"2013-11-21T09:07:25","date_gmt":"2013-11-21T09:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/air-raids-on-hull1\/"},"modified":"2026-06-05T09:11:51","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T09:11:51","slug":"air-raids-on-hull1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/?p=6","title":{"rendered":"Air Raids on Hull"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Porter Street, Hull: Night of Bombardment
In June 1915, Hull experienced its first and deadliest Zeppelin raid.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Britain was the first county in history to experience widespread strategic bombing of civilians. Two large, rigid air ships, named Zeppelins L3 & L4, after their creator Count Ferdinand Von Zeppelin, dropped bombs on eastern coastal towns in January 1915. They caused casualties in Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn.<\/span><\/p>\n

As in the Second World War, the Humber estuary and River Hull made the City an easy target for aircraft to find and attack.\u00a0<\/span>Hull’s industry at the time of the raid was dominated by shipping, fishing and its associated trades. In June 1915, Hull’s population was about 291,000 and the City was exporting 56,760 tons of coal to foreign countries. It proved a large, lucrative target’.<\/p>\n

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The Zeppelin’s route<\/strong>
The Zeppelin’s route to Hull was anything but direct. Because of fog, it had already abandoned its initial mission to reach London. It then flew over Norfolk and started its final run on Hull after making landfall near Bridlington.
19:25 – The first warning of a possible pair of Zeppelins came from intercepted wireless traffic. The crafts were somewhere out in the North Sea.
21:30 – Major General Ferrier, commander of Humber defences, ordered all lights in Hull extinguished. (Nordholz AeronauticumCopyright: Nordholz Aeronauticum)
22:20 – Airship seen at Flamborough head
22:30 – Seen at Hornsea
22:40 – Seen at Withernsea
23:00 – Over West Ella, moving eastwards towards the city following the railway lines then veered towards the Humber estuary.
23:45 – L-9 was spotted above Hedon.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Summary: <\/strong>Hull Zeppelin raid: 6\/7th June 1915. Casualties: 24 people dead and 40 wounded. About 40 bombs dropped on the city. The midnight raid lasted 30 minutes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zeppelin raids caused widespread fear among the civilian population. Capable of travelling at around 85 miles per hour and carrying up to two tons of bombs, Zeppelins wreaked havoc on a largely unprotected Hull. Dropping incendiaries and explosives from heights of around 3,000 feet, they sparked raging fires, damaging many buildings, including Hull’s Holy Trinity Church. These air attacks were a new and terrifying experience for Hull civilians. The sheer terror that Zeppelins caused at the time cannot be overstated. Lack of knowledge intensified fear and paranoia. Parents told their children to be quiet or whisper, in case they attracted a bomb. Clocks were stopped to avoid their ‘ticking’ giving a signal to the enemy. In Hull, it was reported that the spectacle of a large, looming Zeppelin, caused people heart attacks. Some people even thought it was divine intervention and dropped to their knees in Hull’s Victoria Square to repent their sins. There were no Air Raid shelters, people used Pickering Park and Mr TR Ferens, East Hull stables or hid under the stairs as protection from this ‘death from the skies’. The Guildhall basement also became a air raid shelter. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The first of eight Zeppelin raids on Hull, began on Sunday 5th June 1915.<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Hull had experienced a false air raid alarm on the 4 June 1915, 48 hours before the Zeppelin L9 arrived over Hull. Alerts were not unusual and people treated them lightly. Instead of seeking shelter, the population had acquired the habit of congregating in the streets to see what was going on. A carnival atmosphere sometimes prevailed. The Hull Corporation had allowed children to remain at home after Alerts to catch up on sleep and alarms were sometimes greeted with joyful celebration. During the air raid, the L9 Zeppelin engines were loud, and reverberated across the city. The sound of the gunfire from HMS “Enterprise” in Hull docks, roused many more people than usual from sleep and drew them into the streets. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bombs straddled the city centre, crossing roughly from east to west, from streets running south of Holderness Road, east of central Hull to the western end of Hessle Road. Explosions and incendiaries fell in five concentrations; \u2013
\n1) Waller and Craven Streets<\/strong> \u2013 damaging working class housing, causing many deaths & serious injuries.
\n2) Dansom Lane and Bright Street<\/strong> \u2013 destroying a timber yard and saw mill.
\n3) Clarence and Church Streets<\/strong> \u2013 resulting in more deaths and injuries
\n4) Old Town<\/strong> \u2013 Hull\u2019s commercial centre \u2013 damaging Queen Street, Market Place, High Street and Princes Dock Street. The prominent Edwin Davis furniture shop opposite Hull Minster was destroyed by fire. Outside Messrs John Good & Sons was a bomb crater 20 foot wide & 8 feet deep.
\n5) Campbell, Walker, and Porter Streets<\/strong> \u2013 suffered scattered blast damage, but minor casualties. A garage roof was burnt down on Constable Street.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

At least 60 bombs were dropped on the city (13 high explosives and 47 incendiaries). The midnight raid lasted 30 minutes. Casualties were 24 people dead, (including three youths) and 40 wounded. Thousands took refuge in the parks and countryside fearing another air raid. The Hull authorities were unprepared for the disastrous consequences of the air raid. Chief Constable, G. Morley was faced with a critical situation, with manpower deployed in four separate locations, fires burning out of control at the Edwin Davis store and the timber yard in Dansom Lane. Men were required to supervise and assist in the rescue and relief work around Church Street, Waller Street and Craven Street. The Police and Fire Brigade were not separate services then and the police were responsible for fighting fires as well as firemen. Many experienced policemen had enlisted when war began and gaps were filled by part-time special constables, with civilian jobs who were largely untrained in putting out fires and coping with civil disorder. When riots flared up after the air raid, the authorities were overwhelmed and unable to respond effectively.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Large Hull crowds incensed by the destruction and lack of protection attacked “German” businesses across the city. They included German owned houses and pork butcher shops on New Cleveland Street. Other properties attacked were 233 & 267 Holderness Road; 31 Caroline Street; 33 Charles Street; 313 & 317 Hedon Road; 60 Spyvee Street; 33 & 38 Barmston Street; 54 Church Street; 44 Pelham Street and 45 Great Union Street. Windows were broken, goods stolen and pandemonium ensued until police and armed troops arrived to restore order. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Hull Corporation later received notice of eighteen separate attacks which had taken place between Midnight and 5am on the 7 June 1915. Of the properties damaged, two were occupied by British subjects and were hit accidentally by badly aimed missiles. Another shop, owned by Mr Kitching, an Englishman, was stoned because according to a witness the shop \u201cwas originally occupied by a German, Mr Frederick John Heinzmann, but sold to Mr Kitching.\u201d Of the remaining fifteen properties, four businesses belonged to German Nationals, three of the shops had been left in the care of wives whose German husbands were interned. One was occupied by a Naturalised British Subject. One was 188 New George Street, occupied by Mark Pineles, an egg and butter dealer, who was an Austrian born Jew. Fourteen of the properties were situated in streets near or within districts hit in the air raid. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The riots continued sporadically for another two days with attacks on homes and shops at 107 Balfour Street; 112 & 118 Fountain Road, 188 Waterloo Street; 12 and 244 Beverley Road; 55 Reform Street; and 163-165 Spring Bank, A gathering of over one thousand people was dispersed outside 10 Linnaeus Street, the home of Alderman Feldman, who was of German extraction. Damage ranged from isolated cases of window breaking to the widespread ransacking, smashing and looting. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Hull Corporation was notified of another sixteen separate attacks on 8 June 1915. Of these, two incidents involved shops owned by local companies and one occupied by an Englishman which was accidentally hit by misdirected stones. Two properties owned by British Nationals were attacked by crowds, as a result of the occupants assisting or thought to be assisting a German family. One house was ransacked because the owner was married to a German woman. Among the remaining eight, one was occupied by a Russian subject and one by the wife of an interned German. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Hull riots involved hundreds and in some cases thousands of people. Some attacks were spontaneous, others were pre planned. Women played a predominant role in the daylight disturbances, often encouraging children to throw stones at windows. Adult men and older youths participated in more serious looting and damage during the evenings. Some of these men were reported to be off duty soldiers, but none could be identified during the “Black Out” restrictions. Convictions for wilful damage were few. In many cases police were not present to make arrests, take witness statements or trace offenders. The Police had more success detecting those guilty of theft and succeeded in recovering much stolen property. Victims reluctance to prosecute meant many culprits went free. During the ten days following the riots, sixty-three individuals (33 men, 23 women & 7 juveniles) were arrested and charged with theft. The subsequent court hearings resulted in 59 convictions, two people found guilty of two charges each and six acquittals. A second charge which might have proceeded against one of the defendants was not proceeded with. (see Eastern Morning News, 16 June 1915). The offenders included at least five married women, two teenage girls, dockers labourers, keel men, a disabled man and another shopkeeper. The Magistrate imposed fines of one and two guineas, irrespective of age, sex and the value of property stolen. Those who could not pay were sentenced to 31 days hard prison labour. The grocery shop owner charged with theft of goods received a \u00a310 fine and was expected to set a better example.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Many compensation claims were received by the Chief Constable of Hull. The Hull Corporation faced a potential bill of \u00a3100k and a further \u00a33,500 for looting of property between 7-9 June 1915. The cost of the air raid damage was eventually paid for by the Government’s \u201cEast Coast Raid Committee\u201d, which sat oddly under the Board of Education. The final settlement for air raid damage, on 7 June 1915, in Hull, was about \u00a342k. The Hull Corporation, was however liable for the costs of civil disorder. The Corporation\u2019s Watch Committee received forty-one compensation claims for air raid damage (\u00a3100K) and civil disorder, totalling \u00a33, 652, 19s 10d.. Each claim was closely examined to save money. Compensation paid was later settled at \u00a344,795, including \u00a32,510 19s 2d for civil disorder. It took two months to assess the claims and three months after the riot, before the final claim was settled.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>6th June 1915<\/strong><\/span>.- Eye Witness Accounts of Hull’s First Air raid<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Mrs Websdale, of 23 Bright Street, Hull, said her husband was on duty as a Special Constable. Around midnight, a bomb fell on no 30, but it did not wake her son who was asleep in the attic. Two bombs then fell on Hewetson & Co’s sawmills and reduced it to ruins. The Zeppelin hovered over the area for some time and the Reckitt’s factory had a narrow escape from destruction. The extent of damage at the sawmills was \u00a310,000 and a large amount of valuable machinery was destroyed. <\/span>Mrs Bielby, of 1 Church Street, told how she and her family were sleeping, when a bomb dropped at the entrance of the terrace and shook the houses so violently that they had to be rebuilt. A huge hole was made in the ground.<\/span><\/p>\n

Annie Nix, of 15 East Street, Hull, said that a bomb fell at Nos: 10 and 12, killing Jane (45) and George Hill (48), who were in bed. They were taken to St Peter’s Church, nearby. Edward Jordan (10) at No:11 Ella Street was also killed and three children Willie, Florrie and Elsie were injured. \"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Mr Russell of Waller Street, Hull, said a bomb fell in the middle of Walter’s Terrace, demolishing 4 houses on each side. Eliza Slade (54) was killed at No 4, as were a mother and daughter at No: 3. Florence White (30) and her son George (3) and Alfred Mathews (60) at No:11 were also killed. An incendiary bomb dropped on a house in Ellis Terrace and one woman did not find her three children until a fortnight later, when it was found that they had been badly injured and were in the Naval Hospital on Anlaby Road.<\/span><\/p>\n

At South Parade, a bomb dropped at No:50, where two children were asleep with their mother. The children were burned to death, but the mother escaped. The children were Maurice Richardson (11) and Violet Richardson (8). Their father was away in the army.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Three Houses in St Thomas Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull, were wrecked by a bomb falling on No:2. William Walker (62), and his daughters Alice (30) and Millicent Walker (17), were<\/span>\u00a0killed. One of the girls’ bodies was blown on to the lower roof of St Thomas’s Church, which had a narrow escape from destruction. <\/span><\/p>\n

At Regent Street, (now Rawlings Way), an incendiary bomb was seen to fall in the back yard of Mr Francis Ford, of No: 89. He immediately got out of bed and threw a bucket of water on the blazing missile and extinguished it. <\/span>This action undoubtedly, saved many lives and valuable property. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mr Burns of Wheatley & Co, Myton Gate, Hull, reported on the attack on the Corn Exchange Hotel. An Incendiary bomb went through the roof, ceiling and sitting room and finished in an upholstered divan chair. No doubt the copper springs in the chair lessened the shock of the fall, averting very serious damage. A fire started at the pub which was quickly extinguished on arrival of the fire brigade.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Coroners’ reports<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n
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It wasn’t just explosion and fire that killed people during air raids. According to the Hull coroners’ reports, several deaths were attributed to shock, fear and stress.<\/p>\n

Coroners’ reports on several people aged from 36 to 67 included one which noted, “fatty degeneration of heart, accelerated by shock of German Zeppelin Air Raid”.<\/p>\n

One person – the unfortunate Alfred Wonnison (or possibly Morrison), of Market Place – had his death attributed by the coroner to “shock after his wrongful arrest for being a German spy”.\u00a0It was noted he died of cardiac failure, accelerated by shock, through being wrongfully arrested by two gunners.<\/p>\n

Jane Ann Booth, (51)<\/strong>, died at 2 Alma Street, Church Street, Hull, on the 24 July 1915. The coroner noted “vascular and cardiac disease present, accelerated by shock and fear of Zeppelin raid”.<\/p>\n

William Jones (80)<\/strong>, of Room 19, Trinity House, Posterngate, died on 17 Sept 1916. The Inquest reported that he had sustained head injuries during the raid, which healed, but he died of heart failure (Hull Daily Mail 19\/9\/1916).<\/p>\n

Elizabeth Jane Bond, (75)<\/strong>, of 6, Sydney Terrace, Grange Street, Hull, went outside during a raid, fell over, and\u00a0 sustained head injuries. Taken to Hull Infirmary, she died of shock the next day on 8 August 1916. (Hull Daily Mail 10\/8\/1916).<\/p>\n

John Longstaff, (71)<\/strong>, of 6 William Place, Upper Union Street, Hull, was taken ill and died near Pickering Park, after hearing the air raid buzzer (Hull Daily Mail 13\/3\/1918).<\/p>\n

At least three civilians died of fear during air raids – Jane Ann Booth, (51),<\/strong> on 14 July 1915; William Clarkson, (62)<\/strong>, on 22 August 1917; and Sarah Masterman, (58)<\/strong>, on 12 March 1918;<\/p>\n

An unusual casualty, was Private, Sidney Smith, 12th EYR<\/strong>, from 16, Bean Street, Hull. He was home on leave, during the 5th June 1915 and was traumatised by the air raid. His army medical records state that he had “Strong Emotional Shock, caused by the Air raid on the 5th June”. He was subsequently diagnosed as “Melancholic” and unable to carry out any normal duties. He was discharged from the army as permanently unfit, after 1 year and 303 days service. Committed to the Willerby Asylum, he died on 26th August 1918, aged 23. All this attributed to the Hull air raid on the 5th June 1915.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

In all, there were 51 air attack warnings in Hull, lasting a total of 206 hours. On one particular Monday there were 14 false alarms. Between 12 April 1915 – 5 August 1918, air raid sirens or “Buzzers” sounded 22 times in 1915, 23 times in 1916, 3 times in 1917 and 5 times in 1918<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

There were at least eight air attacks on Hull, during the First World War. These were:-\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5- 6 Jun 1915<\/strong> – Sunday midnight – 5 died of shock; 19 killed, 40 injured. The raid lasted 30 minutes and dropped 13 High Explosives and 47 incendiaries – widespread damage. Hull riots. Thousands took refuge in the local parks and countryside, fearing another attack.<\/p>\n

5-6 March 1916<\/strong> – Sunday midnight – 2 died of shock, 16 killed, 52 injured. Two Zeppelins attacked. The raid lasted over a hour. Many homes destroyed<\/p>\n

5 April 1916<\/strong> – Wednesday, 9.10pm – 1 bomb dropped. No one killed, but Jessie Mathews, aged 2 months, died of shock<\/p>\n

8-9 August 1916<\/strong> – Tuesday 1.15am – “The Selby Street Raid” – at least 16 bombs dropped. Many sought safety in the country and spent the night in fields and parks.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2 Sep 1917<\/strong> –\u00a0 Saturday, 12.40am – German Zeppelin driven off. No bombs dropped. No casualties<\/p>\n

24 Sep 1917<\/strong> – Monday, 2.50am – several bombs dropped. No casualties<\/p>\n

12 Mar 1918<\/strong> – Tuesday 1.15am – 1 died of shocked (Sarah Masterman). No deaths, 3 injured. 6 bombs dropped<\/p>\n

5 Aug 1918<\/strong> – Monday 1am – German Zeppelin driven off. No bombs dropped. No casualties<\/p>\n

In total, 169 Hull citizens became casualties; 43 killed, 11 died of shock and 115 injured. The deaths included 21 women and 17 children.<\/strong><\/span><\/span>
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Here are some pictures and stories from the first air raid. A Pictorial Record, entitled Hull and the Zeppelins; Scenes of damage sustained in Hull is available to view\u00a0 the Hull History Centre (Ref: C DJE\/1)<\/p>\n

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Walter’s Terrace and Ella’s Terrace 7th June 1915: (Hull Museums Copyright: Hull Museums)<\/strong>
About 40 bombs in total fell on Hull during the raid. In Walter’s Terrace, off Waller Street, 14 houses were badly damaged, four of which collapsed, when they were hit by a bomb.\u00a0
Four people were killed – three-year-old Isaac White and Florence White (31) at Number 3; Elizabeth Slade (55) at Number 4, and Alfred Matthew (50) at Number 11. The bomb crater was 18ft (5m) wide.
An incendiary bomb at neighbouring Ella’s Terrace penetrated two floors of the house at Number 3. it fell through the roof upstairs bedroom ceiling, the bedroom floor and front room floor. The fire was put out by neighbours with buckets of water and nobody was injured.
L-9 was now reported to be “at its greatest height”. As the Zeppelin made its way back to its base in Germany the city of Hull started to count the cost of the deadly raid.
During the 30 minutes of the attack 24 people had been killed and 40 injured. There were no casualties among the attackers.
In all 40 houses were destroyed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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The Great Blaze; <\/strong>The bomb near the Holy Trinity church (now Hull Minster) set fire to Davis’s drapery store and the nearby Fleece Inn.
Demetrius Franks, the licensee, and his family were in the cellar when the bomb struck and escaped injury.
It was initially thought that there had been no loss of life, but 10 days after the fire, a woman’s body was found under the debris. She was not identified nor did anyone report her missing. (Photo: Hull Museums Copyright: Hull Museums)
When a photographer captured the scene from the church roof at 10:00 on Monday 7 June the ruins were still on fire.
Then the wind began to gently veer round to the opposite direction causing the smoke to blow up at the camera.
“Thus a fire six or seven hours later would have probably consumed this large and historic building,” he concluded. As it was, the damage was estimated at \u00a334,000.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Holy Trinity survives; <\/strong>An incendiary bomb (and possibly an explosive device as well) fell near to Holy Trinity Church where the people of Hull had worshipped for more than 600 years. (Photo: Hull Museums Copyright: Hull Museums)
The incendiary started a fire and it was reported that the heat within the church during the blaze “was terrific and the lead of some of the stained glass windows melted”. Fortunately, during the raid the wind blew from the north west – away from Holy Trinity – thus saving both the church and the neighbouring King’s building.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Smouldering remains of Edwin Davis Store following WW1 Zeppelin Raid, Market Place June 1915.\u00a0 An eye witness Account: Florence Dee (nee Mawer) went to see the wreckage at Edwin Davis’ drapery store after the raid.
“I remember going there with my brother and sister, ” she said in\u00a0Keep The Home Fires Burning<\/em>\u00a0by local historian John Markham.
“There were rolls of cloth, all smoking and rolls of ribbon. There was a policeman on duty and we asked if we could have some ribbon.
“He said yes and he’d reach it down for us. We got ever so much ribbon. It was all debris, really, and the policeman let us take some.”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Zeppelin L-9, under the control of Kapitanleutnant, Heinrich Mathy<\/strong> (pictured), had orders to “attack London if possible, otherwise a coastal town according to choice”. However, weather conditions were to scupper the original German plans and turn the attention on Hull.
Nordholz Aeronauticum Copyright: Nordholz Aeronauticum
Extract from The Zeppelin in combat- a history of the German naval airship division 1912-1919 by Douglas H Robinson:
“The shortness of the June night, and high temperatures persisting after sundown, made an attack on London hazardous, so Mathy decided to bomb Hull. “Mist blanketed land and sea, and only after a painstaking two-hour search with parachute flares did Mathy recognise Bridlington and from this point of reference set a course for Hull.”\u00a0 \u00a0Kapitanleutnant Heinrich Mathy was born on 4 April 1883 in Manheim, Germany. His father was a bank director. He became feared and revered as one of the finest Zeppelin pilots and commanded L-9 from 8 March to 23 June 1915. He went on to be commander of the L-13 until April 1916. Mathy then took over the L-31 until he was\u00a0shot down over Potters Bar on 2 October 1916<\/a>. He had crossed the North Sea on a mission to bomb London. He is buried at the German military cemetery at Cannock Chase.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Hull Zeppelin Raid – Where the Bombs fell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1.<\/strong> The first air raid in Hull occurred on <\/span>Sunday 5th June 1915 at midnight<\/span><\/strong>. Here is how events unfolded. The alarm buzzers had previously blown five times before and as nothing had happened, many people ignored the alarm. The Zeppelin L.9, commanded by Captain, Heinrich Mathy, had been prevented from reaching London by high winds. It was spotted flying over Hedon at 11.45pm, and arrived over the sleeping City of Hull, two minutes later. The air raid lasted 30 minutes, cruising back and forth over the city, dropping 13 high explosives and 47 incendiaries. These bombs in sequence hit Constable Street, Coltman Street, Campbell Street, South Parade, Porter Street, Queens Street, Blanket Row, East Street, and Waller Street. The last bomb fell in the Humber Dock, damaging a cargo ship called the ‘Crocus’. Forty shops were destroyed, including the large Edwin Davis shop in Queen Street. Casualties were 24 people dead and 40 wounded.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

BOMB! <\/strong>\u00a0Various locations. Bombs were recorded at:<\/p>\n

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Bright Street<\/strong> – the premises of Palmer’s grocers was destroyed.<\/p>\n

Dansom Lane<\/strong> – a saw mill and timber yard destroyed.<\/p>\n

Milton Street<\/strong> – incendiary fell in St Mary’s Roman Catholic school yard.<\/p>\n

Danson Lane<\/strong> – burned out Lear’s Stables with a “considerable fire”.<\/p>\n

Clarence Street<\/strong> – incendiary burned out, no damage.<\/p>\n

East Street<\/strong> – explosive bomb demolished two houses. It killed Edward Jordan (10) in number 11, his parents were seriously injured and taken to Naval hospital. Mr and Mrs Hill were killed at Number 12.<\/p>\n

Victoria Dock<\/strong> – an incendiary in Victoria Dock fell on Swedish ship lying in river basin. Ship’s deck slightly damaged.<\/p>\n

Tower Street<\/strong> – Wade’s Timber Yard bomb severely damaged railway line and bashed holes in the walls of neighbouring warehouses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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BOMB!<\/span><\/h3>\n

St Thomas’ Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n

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The effects of an explosive Zeppelin bomb are clear in these pictures.<\/p>\n

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\"St<\/div>\n
(Photo: Hull Museums <\/span>Copyright: Hull Museums) <\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
It shows Numbers, 1, 2 and 3, St Thomas’ Terrace, off Campbell Street, Hull.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The gap in the centre was house number 2, in which William Walker (60) was killed along with his daughters Alice (32) and Millicent (17). A third daughter May Walker (18) was seriously injured.<\/p>\n

Alice’s body was blown onto the aisle roof of St Thomas’s Church, a distance of 30 feet (9m). Millicent’s was blown into a yard at the rear of the house.<\/p>\n

Mr Hatfield of the railway police lived in number 3 and although it was badly damaged and almost demolished he, his wife and four children escaped alive.<\/p>\n

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\"Rear<\/div>\n
Hull Museums <\/span>Copyright: Hull Museums. Damage at St Thomas’ Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull. (St Thomas church above, would be destroyed in the WW2 Blitz)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

BOMB!<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Various locations<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n

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Constable Street<\/strong> – bomb number 27 hit lower floor of No 109\u00bd Constable Street. Two cars burned out and garage was almost burned out.<\/p>\n

Coltman Street<\/strong> – incendiary at number 153 fell through roof on to partition wall and through floor of landing. Fire extinguished by neighbours, not much damage.<\/p>\n

South Parade<\/strong> – incendiary at number 50, fell through roof and ceiling, setting room on fire and burning to death Maurice (11) and Violet Richardson aged (8).<\/p>\n

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Walter’s Terrace and Ella’s Terrace, Waller Street, Hull – 7th June 1915: (Hull Museums Copyright: Hull Museums)<\/strong>
About 40 bombs in total fell on Hull during the raid. In Walter’s Terrace, off Waller Street, 14 houses were badly damaged, four of which collapsed, when they were hit by a bomb.\u00a0
Four people were killed – three-year-old Isaac White and Florence White (31) at Number 3; Elizabeth Slade (55) at Number 4, and Alfred Matthew (50) at Number 11. The bomb crater was 18ft (5m) wide.
An incendiary bomb at neighbouring Ella’s Terrace penetrated two floors of the house at Number 3. it fell through the roof upstairs bedroom ceiling, the bedroom floor and front room floor. The fire was put out by neighbours with buckets of water and nobody was injured.
L-9 was now reported to be “at its greatest height”. As the Zeppelin made its way back to its base in Germany the city of Hull started to count the cost of the deadly raid.
During the 30 minutes of the attack 24 people had been killed and 40 injured. There were no casualties among the attackers.
In all 40 houses were destroyed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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BOMB!\u00a0<\/span>Five boys escape<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n
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An incendiary bomb hit 102 Great Thornton Street<\/strong>, Hull<\/strong>,\u00a0 the home of Harris Needler.\u00a0In one of its rooms five boys were sleeping, two of them in a bed that was struck by the bomb. In this remarkable photograph you can see the iron of the bedstead is bent and one of the boys is sitting at the scene of their lucky escape.<\/p>\n

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\"102<\/div>\n
Hull Museums <\/span>Copyright: Hull Museums<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The hole caused by the device is immediately above him. All five boys escaped unhurt.<\/p>\n

However, the bomb penetrated the floor and landed on a bed in the room below, occupied by Mrs Needler, who survived despite suffering serious burns.<\/p>\n

BOMB!<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Craven Street Football Ground<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n

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The bombing raid lasted about 30 minutes – with the first device hitting the city at about 11:45pm on Saturday 6th June 1915 and the last one at quarter past midnight on Monday 7 June.<\/p>\n

The fourth bomb, an incendiary device, landed just 200 yards from Craven Street Football Ground – the home of Northern Union (now known as rugby league) side, Hull Kingston Rovers.<\/p>\n

It caused no damage and burned out.<\/p>\n

Just two months earlier, the Northern Union secretary announced that 1,418 amateur and professional rugby players had enlisted.<\/p>\n

At the league’s annual general meeting a few days after the raid, a resolution was passed by a large majority: “That except for schoolboys and intermediates under eighteen years of age, competitive football under Northern Union rules be suspended for the duration of the war.”\u00a0In 1919 when the full competition restarted Hull KR came 19th out of 25 in the league.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n

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Alexandra Dock
The first bomb (similar to the one pictured here) hit Alexandra Dock about 250 yards (230m) directly north of the coal conveyor.
(BBC Copyright: BBC)
It fell in a pile of pit props, scattering them and making a hole 10ft (3m) deep. Fragments pierced the metal of a nearby railway line and cut a telegraph pole in half.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Holy Trinity Church (now Hull Minster)<\/strong> was also bombed, causing <\/span>\u00a3100,000 in damage.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One bomb left a hole in the High Street, some 20 feet in diameter and 8 feet deep which disrupted traffic.\u00a0After half an hour of bombing, the Zeppelin L.9<\/strong>, headed home around 12.20am.\u00a0<\/span>The air raid killed 24 Hull people and injured another 40 civilians. Among the deaths were a father and two daughters in Campbell Street<\/strong>, two children burnt to death in South Parade<\/strong>, two brothers in Blanket Row<\/strong> and a mother and son in Waller Street, Hull<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another raid by the Zeppelin L.9, intended for Hull on\u00a0<\/span>9th August 1915<\/span>, was blown off course and bombed Goole instead. It killed 16 civilians.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The frustration of citizens at the complete lack of defences led to several disturbances, over the next three day. Shops believed to be owned by Germans were attacked and items stolen. A Royal Flying Corp vehicle in Hull was stoned by an angry mob and a flying Officer was attacked in Beverley. As a result, mobile guns and searchlights arrived in Hull on 16th March 1916. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Zeppelin Raids. Humber Street, Hull June 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Air Raid damage, Humber Street, Hull, June 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Bright Street WW1 bomb damage, Hull, June\u00a0 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Campbell Street WW1 bomb damage, June 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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High Street WW1 bomb damage, Hull 1915.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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WW1 bomb damage in Clarence Street, Hull<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2.<\/strong> The second air raid on Hull was on 5th March 1916.<\/span> <\/strong><\/span>It<\/span>\u00a0was a snowy Sunday evening, when the air raid started at 12 midnight. Two Zeppelins, the L.11 & the L.14,<\/strong> unable to reach Rosyth in Scotland, due to high winds, began to bomb Hull instead. The attack\u00a0lasted over an hour. In Queens Street<\/strong>, a caf\u00e9, a Co-operative branch and several shops were totally destroyed. Railings at the South West corner of Holy <\/strong><\/span>Trinity Church<\/strong> were uprooted and the great West window was broken causing \u00a325,000 damage. Houses were bombed in Linnaeus Street, Porter Street, Queens Street, Church Street, and Selby Street. Earle\u2019s Shipyard<\/strong> was also hit. In all 17 civilians were killed, including the three Ingamell sisters, at No: 8 Linnaeus Street<\/strong>, Hull and a mother and her 4 children at 32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/strong>. There were also another 52 people injured.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull (now Hull Paragon Interchange) after Zeppelin raid, 6 March 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Bomb fragment from Zeppelin raid, in Hull. June 1915<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

3.<\/strong> \u00a05th April 1916, at 9.10pm<\/span><\/strong>, the Zeppelin L.11<\/strong> returned to Hull and at a height of 12,000 feet was caught in searchlights and hit.<\/span>\u00a0It dropped to abo<\/span>ut 6.000 feet.\u00a0Only one bomb was dropped in Hull which damaged a private house in Portobello Street<\/strong>. No one was killed or injured, but Jesse Mathews, a two month old baby, from Barnsley Street, died of shock.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

4.<\/strong> \u00a08-9th August 1916<\/strong>,<\/span>\u00a0the Zeppelin L.24<\/strong> attacked Hull. This later became known as the ‘Selby Street Raid’<\/strong>, killing between 8 or 10 people and injuring 20 more. It was a dark, cloudy Tuesday night, but when the clouds lifted at midnight, the Zeppelin L.24, returning home from an inland raid, attacked Hull at 1.15am. It dropped high explosive and <\/span>incendiary bombs on Anlaby Road and the railway, causing damage and deaths in Selby Street, Sandringham Street and Linnaeus Street. The deaths included two mothers and their daughters and three year old John Broadley, at 4, Roland Avenue, Arthur Street, Hull. Two people also died of shock (The Reverend, Arthur Wilcockson (86) & Esther Stobbart (aged 31). Another 20 civilians were injured. Many sought safety in the country and spent the night in fields and parks.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

5. <\/strong>\u00a02nd September 1917, <\/strong>a German Zeppelin attacking Hull, was driven off. No bombs were dropped and there were no casualties. John Ramsden, of Aberdeen Street, Hull, said that he saw the Zeppelin come to Hull from the east, but was driven away by anti aircraft gunfire. He later learned one of its petrol tanks had been shot away and found in a field in Hornsea.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

6.<\/strong> \u00a024th September 1917, 2.50am<\/span><\/strong>, the Zeppelin L.41<\/strong>, dropped a total of 16 bombs on South Parade, St James Street, Landsdowne Street and Fountain Street, Hull<\/strong>. There was little damage. The only casualty was a chicken which unfortunately was killed!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

7.<\/strong>\u00a0Tuesday, 12th March 1918, 1.15am <\/strong>–\u00a0<\/span><\/span>it was a dark, cloudy and drizzly night. At about 1.15am, the Zeppelin L.63<\/strong> appeared from Hornsea and dropped six bombs on Hull. These fell on some allotments in Southcoates Avenue, Hull and damaged a large number of glass windows in the locality. Another six bombs fell in Sutton & Swine. The bombs killed a cow, damaged gardens in Cottingham and created a huge crater in Warne. One person died of shock (Sarah Masterman, aged 58) and three were injured.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mrs Ellis, of Whitworth Street, Southcoates Lane<\/strong>, narrowly escaped death. She was walking towards the back door when a bomb fell in the rear garden. She heard a rushing sound and instantly threw herself to the ground, pulling her hat over her eyes. Pieces of the bomb went through the walls behind her, tore a huge piece of stonework from the front bedroom window ledge and threw it into the gateway. Every slate fell from the roof, but Mrs Ellis was unscathed. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mrs Dick, of 62 Southcoates Avenue<\/strong>, said window frames were blown out and she found a large piece of bomb in her garden. The canary in its cage in front of the window was uninjured and was afterwards nicknamed ‘Zeppelin Dick’.<\/span><\/p>\n

Miss Ellerby, of Southcoates Avenue,<\/strong> was in a cupboard when the bomb dropped. The walls were cracked and doors ripped off. Forty five buckets of debris were carried out of the front room.<\/span><\/p>\n

As well as a number of Streets bombed and houses destroyed, some principal buildings damaged included Paragon Station, the Naval Hospital, Holy Trinity Church, and Earle\u2019s Shipyard. Prominent Shops such Edwin Davis\u2019s in the Market Place, Messrs J Good & Son, and Hewetson\u2019s Saw Mills were destroyed. There were also some narrow misses at Ranks Flour Mill, Monument Bridge, Princes Dock and the new Guildhall. There were occasions were bombs failed to explode at Coltman Street, Bean Street and Argyle Street, Hull.<\/span><\/p>\n

8.<\/strong> 5th August 1918, 1am\u00a0<\/strong><\/span> was a Bank Holiday and the last recorded raid on Hull. It was very clear night and the Zeppelin L.11 arrived at about 1 am. It was caught in the search lights and received gun-fire which shook the entire ship. L.11 made off, managing to drop only a smoke bomb before it was driven away. There were no casualties.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hull endured up to 50 air raid warnings between 12th April 1915 to 5th August 1918. Most of the air raid warnings were false alarms, but Hull was unfortunate, as it became a target for many of the air raid attacks by accident when the zeppelins were unable to reach their intended target. The Raids left a trail of death and destruction. In total, 43 civilians were killed, 11 died of shock and 115 were injured in Zeppelin Air Raids on Hull. Amongst those killed were 21 women and 17 children, including several families. <\/span><\/p>\n

The City’s German community suffers retaliation<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n
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The Roman and Saxon invasions of Britain brought many Germans to Britain and by the 6th Century, an Anglo Saxon culture had been established, particularly in Eastern England. Since the 12th century, Hull had traded with Germans across the North Sea and the Baltic. The Hanseatic League, over 400 years, had connected Hull with 200 towns and cities. By the end of the 15th<\/sup> century, Hull was second only to London, as a trading port. Trade, made Hull an accessible place to settle. Before the French Revolution, Germans largely settled in Hull, to escape religious persecution. After Napoleon, Germans settled in the city for political and social reasons. The existence of a German congregation in Hull can be traced to the early 19th century, when in 1807 an existing German congregation ceased its meetings. However, there were already German craftsmen, butchers, bakers and a few merchants, living in Hull long before. During the 1830’s, Hull received 700 ships a year, with German crews, some of which docked for several weeks. To help cater for their needs, Hull’s first Lutheran German church was opened on 9 April 1848 (only the London German Church, built after the Great Fire in 1666 and the Liverpool church built in 1846 were older). Between 1869-1914, German Pastors were sent to Hull from Berlin. The congregation initially held its services at the Bethesda Chapel, Osborne Street (the site of the current Danish Church of St Nicholas). In 1859, a new chapel was acquired in Nile Street and the German Lutheran Church moved to this location. The Nile Street building was added to in 1884, when a German schoolhouse was constructed. A Seamen’s Mission, was opened at 12 Charlotte Street, Hull, in 1890. In 1898, a German reading room, in Charlotte Street was also purchased. Hull became more accessible. The Hull Ellerman and Wilson shipping lines operated the largest commercial passenger fleets in the world. They transported over two million people from Europe to the New World via Hull. Many Germans stayed when they arrived in Hull. Civic personalities and businessmen helped found the German community, including, E.F. Hohenrein, Oswald Hillerns, and Jonas Ellerman, a prominent businessman and father of Sir John Ellerman of the famous shipping company. By 1914, Hull’s German community had increased to over a thousand German speaking people from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Holland, and the Baltic states. It was a vibrant well, integrated German community with successful businesses, clubs, and choirs. This however changed when WW1 began and Germans living in Britain would face increasing hostility.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

National newspapers and Government policy were central to fuelling anti German propaganda in Britain. The press were quick to demonise Germans as the “Evil Hun” and portrayed domestic Germans as hidden spies, controlling Britain and preventing victory.\u00a0 The Aliens Restriction Act 1914, meant Germans could not move more than 5 miles and had to register with the police. The Act outlawed all German newspapers and clubs. A series of Government measures also closed down all German owned business in Britain and confiscated property and assets without compensation for the owners. The Government introduced a policy of wholesale internment of German males of military age (17-55), which destroyed family life. Internment camps, such as Knockaloe<\/em>, situated on the Isle of Man, held over 23,000 men at its peak. The government deported German women, children and elderly throughout the war and also deported males who were released from internment. All things German became hated, and Germans were seen as the antithesis of British values. Anti German strikes eliminated German workers and anti German organisations, like the British Empire Union called upon the “Extirpation – Root, and Branch and Seed of German control and influence in the British Empire. The Albert Hall tried to ban all German music. The “German Shepherd” breed of dog was renamed the \u201cAlsatian\u201d. The German biscuit was renamed the \u201cEmpire Biscuit\u201d. Leicester City Council renamed streets with German names – Saxe-Coburg Street became Saxby Street and Mecklenburg Street was renamed Severn Street. Richard Burdon Haldane (1856-1928)<\/a>, the War Secretary, was hounded out of office, for being a German sympathizer. Prominent Germans, like Sir Edgar Speyer (1862-1932),<\/a> who helped build the London underground, left Britain. Anyone with German connections faced hostility, including the Royal Family, which changed its name, from Saxe-Coburg to Windsor in 1917. WW1 would destroy German communities forever. The German population in Britain, would fall from 53,234 (1911 Census) to 22,254 by 1919.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

By 1915, Germanophobia<\/em> was widespread in Britain. The sinking of the RMS Lusitania on 7th May 1915, which killed 1,200 civilians, including 94 children, caused national outrage. Zeppelin attacks on the North East coast in the same month, had brought war to the home front, for the first time. <\/span>The German’s first use of chlorine gas, as a war weapon, on 22 April 1915, horrified the public. The East Yorkshire Regiments, some of which had been in France since 10 Sept 1914 had been badly mauled. 530 men who had enlisted in Hull had already been killed. Fresh in the memory was also the sinking of eight Hull ships, on one day, the 3rd May 1915. Anti German opinion was now widespread and supported by all classes. German Zeppelins were now attacking Hull homes, civilians and Britain’s way of life.<\/span><\/p>\n

Probably the first anti German attack in Hull was on 24 October 1914, when the Hohenrein shop windows were smashed. There were also several anti German demonstrations in Hull, during May 1915, with 50 reported incidents of violence and many arrests for public disorder. Anything German became a target. Four German owned shops on Hessle Road and a pork butcher on Charles Street were attacked by angry crowds of up to 700 people. A mother and daughter were charged with stealing furniture from German shops, a man stole a mattress, others stole food. A German Grand Piano was destroyed. The damage and theft in Hull was substantial. The Watch Committee Minutes for 27th August 1915, lists 49 claims for damages by Hull people who suffered during the 15th May riot, and many of the names are distinctly German. In all some \u00a3258,000, was eventually paid out in Hull for compensation. Hatred of everything German increased and showed itself in the most detestable ways. A Hull born man, who probably did not know that his father was German, until showed a birth certificate, was dismissed from his post in the Work House. His \u2018Guardian\u2019 found it necessary to confess that he\u2019d known him for 20 years as a docker, but never suspected this \u2018Teutonic Taint\u2019. Anyone suspected of being German were physically attacked in the street and had to be rescued by the police. <\/span><\/p>\n

The first Zeppelin air raid on Hull, on 6 June 1915 prompted more public disorder. Hull had never experienced aerial bombing before. It was an unexpected and a truly terrifying event for an unsuspecting public. Hull had no air defences and was totally unprepared for the damage that the raid caused. War casualties on land and sea were increasing and people wanted retribution. <\/span>Over a three day period, mobs of angry protestors, plundered “German” property and attacked anyone suspected of being sympathetic towards the Germans. German families, and many innocent people, were terrorised, personally threatened and had their possessions stolen. Police defending properties, were taunted by jeering crowds. A Royal Flying Corp vehicle in Hull, was stoned by an angry mob. A Flying Officer was attacked in Beverley. \u00a0The Eastern Morning News<\/em>, far from condemning the riots, openly supported them, pressurising the Government for more and stronger internment measures. <\/span><\/p>\n

The Hull riots also caused widespread damage in the city during June 1915. However, news this time was largely suppressed. The events were censored, under Defence of the Realm, (DORA) regulations, which prohibited the reporting of air raids and their effects. <\/span>There were only two references to the June 1915 riots in Hull \u2013 one by <\/span>H.A. Jones<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u201cWar in the Air, Volume 2 (1931)<\/strong>\u00a0which says\u00a0<\/span>\u201cFollowing the (Air) attack, rioting broke out in Hull and many German of supposed German shops were sacked, before troops restored order.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0Another reference to the Hull riots also appeared in\u00a0<\/span>D.H Robinson\u2019s book, A Zeppelin in Combat; A History of the German Naval Division 1912-1918 (1962)<\/strong>\u00a0which says that\u00a0<\/span>\u201cThe official announcement of the Secretary of the Admiralty (regarding the effects of the air raid) admitted \u201cfires in a drapery establishment, a timber yard and a terrace of small houses,\u201d but this alone would hardly accounts for direct damage of \u00a344,795. The incidental damage amounted to considerably more, for rioting broke out in Hull and mobs sacked many German of supposedly German shops in the city.<\/em>\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

The official papers relating to the “Hull Riots” in June 1915, were not released by the Town Clerks Department, until 75 years later in the mid 1988. They remained unavailable for inspection, in the Hull Public Records Office, until late 1990. <\/span>We now know that the violence, threats and hostility prompted many “Germans” to leave Hull. Some Germans even changed their names, to avoid retribution. By the end of the war, the once proud and vibrant, pre war German community, had dwindled from over a thousand to just a few hundred people. German Churches and shops closed for the duration of the war. The first Zeppelin air raid damaged the German community in Hull forever. The German Lutheran Church in Hull did not dare to open again until the 1930’s and was closed again during World War Two. When it opened again on the 19 June 1949, only 100 Germans attended, mostly Prisoners of War not repatriated and German war brides, brought to Hull by returning servicemen. A new Lutheran church was established at 78 Sunny bank, but d<\/span>ue to diminishing congregation numbers, was dissolved in 2010 and a final meeting was held at the Danish Church, Osborne Street, on the 18 November 2010. It was agreed that the Church’s assets should be given away, and so some of its silverware was sent to a needy church in Germany whilst the rest was donated to the Hull Museums Service.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Hohenreins & Son, Pork Butcher shop, 22, Princes Avenue, Hull (next to the “Pave” Pub<\/span>)<\/span><\/strong>, was targeted on Saturday, 24th October 1914 and shop windows were smashed. It was particularly tragic for the Hohenrein family, who had been Naturalised British citizens since the 1880’s and their children were born in Hull. Their son, George was interned in Germany for being a British national. Their other son, Charles had served in the East Riding Yeomanry. The Hohenrein’s<\/span><\/strong> had donated business vans to the war effort, but closed their two pork butcher shops in Hull for the duration of the war. They subsequently changed their family name to “Ross” to avoid further retribution. An anonymous person, pre warned them, in a letter that their shops would be attacked in May 1915, which suggests that the Hull riots were pre planned and organised. More serious Hull riots happened on Saturday, 15th May 1915, when a large crowd of at least 500 people moved down Hessle Road, attacking shops suspected of being owned by Germans. The Hull Daily Mail reported that the shops of a Mr Schumm and Mr Steeg, both pork butchers on Hessle Road, both had windows smashed. Also in Charles Street, Mr Lang\u2019s shop was attacked. In all these cases, the owners were naturalised British subjects, (in Mr Schumm\u2019s case, for forty years), and fully supportive of the war.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Air Defences\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

During 1915, careful preparation was made to m<\/span><\/span>anage the impact of air raids. Lighting restrictions imposed made Hull \u201cthe darkest city in the Kingdom\u201d for the rest of the war. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Hull quickly established its own Anti Aircraft Unit to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>defend against attack. On the 5th July 1915, the Government placed a 6 foot “wooden” gun, on the roof of the Rose Downs and Thompson factory at Cannon Street. It was guarded by two soldiers. It was intended to raise morale, but was removed on the 23rd January 1916, due to public pressure and disposed of. (Its whereabouts now are unclear.) Stentorian Buzzers, or steam whistles were created to warn citizens of attack.<\/span>\u00a0Hull created the largest buzzer ever called ‘Big Lizzie’ \u00a0and<\/span> t<\/span><\/span>he \u2018Hull Mail\u2019 reported the following on 25th January 1915 \u2013\u00a0<\/span>\u201c\u00a0<\/span>Arousing the Public in the event of certain happenings, for which the Germans will be responsible, the public at Hull are to be warned by the shrill blast of steam whistles. The steam organ valve whistles are being supplied by Messers George Clark and sons, Waterhouse Lane. The type to be used in Hull are 6 inch in diameter<\/em>.\u201d (Hull’s ‘Big Lizzie’ Buzzer below). <\/span><\/p>\n

The author, JR Tolkein, experienced the 1917 Zeppelin Raids, whilst a patient at the Brooklands War Hospital, in Hull. He later helped develop Hull’s early warning air raid defences. As a battle experienced Signals Officer, he was attached <\/span>to the Headquarters of the Humber Garrison and commanded a Royal Engineers outpost in the Post Office, in Roos. He then transferred, as \u00a0Signals Officer instructor, with the 3rd<\/sup> (Reserve) Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers, a training battalion.\u00a0His attachment to the 9th<\/sup> Battalion Royal Defence Corps during the winter of 1917-1918,\u00a0 meant he supervised essential, often coded, communications in the crucial approaches to the Humber Estuary.<\/p>\n

Hull was divided into six districts – West, North West, Central, North East, East and the River section. Air raid drills were established and if an alarm was raised, 3,000 volunteer Special Constables would turnout to patrol the streets and ensure all lights were put out. Lights on the ground could help Zeppelins work out where they were, so it was important to have a complete blackout. Hundreds of Boy Scouts were used as dispatch riders, messengers and stretcher bearers. During 1915, 25 dressing stations were established in all parts of the City, staffed by Doctors and Members of the St John\u2019s Ambulance Association to administer First Aid. By 1916, Britain also developed guns and searchlights to help defend against Zeppelins. They realised that the Zeppelin balloons were vulnerable to explosive shells which set light to the Hydrogen inside.\u00a0Hull’s defences for the first two years were controlled by General Ferrier and the practice was to sound the alarm as soon as aircraft were sighted. However, when Major General Sir Stanley Von Donop took over control, alarms were not sounded until danger threatened the City. This saved much inconvenience.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In all, Zeppelins made 51 attacks on England, from a total of 159 air raids during the war. These killed 557 and injured another 1,358 people. Among the casualties was Mrs Lena Gilbert\u00a0Ford, who wrote the patriotic war time song, ‘Keep the Home Fires Burning’. Mrs Ford and her thirty-year-old son Walter were the first United States citizens to become fatalities of a German air raid. T<\/span>heir London home being hit by one of two bombs, that <\/span><\/span>f<\/span><\/span>ell on the city on 7 March 1918. Mrs. Brown, Ford’s mother, was only hurt in the bombing. Their remains were returned to and interred in the United States.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The use of German Gotha bombers began in May 1917 – these aircraft were capable of long distance flights and were used to make daylight raids on South East England. On 13 June 1917, German Gotha aircraft carried out an air raid on London \u2013 the first attack on London by a squadron of aircraft.\u00a0 Fourteen reached London, whilst three bombed Margate and Shoeburyness. At about 11.25am, bombs began to drop in the east end of London and in the City of London, bringing the highest casualties for any air raid on Britain in the war. Seventy two bombs were dropped within a one mile radius of Liverpool Street Station and in the east end, resulting in 162 civilian deaths and injuring 432 people.<\/p>\n

Between June 1917 and May 1918, Gotha bombers made a further seventeen attacks on London and other south eastern towns. The last aeroplane attack of the war occurred on the night of 19\/20 May, with one further Zeppelin attack on the night of 5\/6 Augu<\/span>st 1918.<\/p>\n

In all, m<\/span>ore than 5,000 bombs\u00a0<\/span>were dropped on towns across Britain, causing \u00a31.5 million in damage. 84 airships took part, of which 30 were lost, either shot\u00a0<\/span>down or lost in accidents.\u00a0<\/span>Aeroplanes carried out 27 raids, dropping 246,774\u00a0lb (111,935\u00a0kg) of bombs for the loss of 62 aircraft, resulting in 835 deaths, 1,972 injured and \u00a31,418,272 of material damage.\u00a0The 159 German air raids against England in WWI, resulted in 1,413 deaths and 3,409 injuries, mostly civilians. Damage from Air Raids was estimated to cost some \u00a33 million<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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What’s a Zeppelin? – The brainchild of Count von Zeppelin, a retired German army officer, the flying weapon was lighter than air, filled with hydrogen and held together by a metal framework.
The Zeppelin that flew over the East Riding was capable of travelling at about 50mph (85kmph) and carrying up to two tonnes of bombs.
(Zeppelin Museum FriedrichshafenCopyright: Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen)
During their research into the 1915 attack, BBC Radio Humberside unearthed the actual blueprint (pictured) for the airship.
L-9, the craft that took part in the attack on Hull, was about 530ft (162m) long with a diameter of 53ft (16m).
The framework was originally wooden but by the time L-9 was built the frame had been replaced with aluminium.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span>Hull Civilians killed in Air Raids during World War One <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Names listed in date order of death, with ages and addresses. Those names marked in bold were civilians who died of shock)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Foreman\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nElizabeth Picard\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n39<\/td>\n37 Walker Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Harman\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nJohanna Augusta<\/strong><\/td>\n67<\/td>\n93 Arundel Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hill<\/td>\nJane<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n12 East Street, Church Street, Drypool, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hill<\/td>\nGeorge William<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n12 East Street, Church Street, Drypool, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pickering<\/td>\nEmma<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n2\u00a0 Sarah Ann’s Terrace, Porter Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Richardson<\/td>\nMaurice William<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n50 South Parade, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Richardson<\/td>\nViolet<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n50 South Parade, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scott<\/strong><\/td>\nSarah Ann\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n36<\/td>\n8 \u00a0The Poplars, Durham Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Walker<\/td>\nMillicent<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n2 \u00a0St Thomas Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Walker<\/td>\nWilliam<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n2 \u00a0St Thomas Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Walker<\/td>\nAlice Priscilla<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n2 \u00a0St Thomas Terrace, Campbell Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cunningham<\/td>\nGeorgina<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n22 Edwin\u2019s Place, Porter Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jordan<\/td>\nEdward<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n11 East Street, Church Street, Drypool, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mathews\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nAlfred\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n60<\/td>\n11 Walter’s Terrace, Waller Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mitchell\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nHannah<\/strong><\/td>\n42<\/td>\n5 \u00a0Alexandra Terrace, Woodhouse Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mullins<\/td>\nNorman<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n39 \u00a0Blanket Row, Queen Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mullins<\/td>\nGeorge<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n39 \u00a0Blanket Row, Queen Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slade<\/td>\nEliza<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n4 Walter\u2019s Terrace, Waller Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Smith<\/td>\nSidney<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n16 Bean Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stamford\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nTom Wood<\/strong><\/td>\n46<\/td>\n6 Blanket Row, Queen Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Watson<\/td>\nAnnie<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n21 Edwin\u2019s Place, Porter Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Watson<\/td>\nWilliam<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n21 Edwin\u2019s Place, Porter Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
White<\/td>\nFlorence<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n3 Walter’s Terrace, Waller Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
White<\/td>\nGeorge Issac<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n3 Walter’s Terrace, Waller Street, Hull<\/td>\n07\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temple\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nEllen\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n50<\/td>\n20 St James Square, St James Street, Hull<\/td>\n08\/06\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Booth<\/td>\nJane Ann<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n2 Alma Street, Church Street, Drypool, Hull<\/td>\n14\/07\/1915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cattle<\/td>\nRobert<\/td>\n48<\/td>\nLittle Humber Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cattle<\/td>\nFrank William<\/td>\n8<\/td>\nLittle Humber Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Collinson<\/td>\nJames William<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n14 Johns Place, Regent Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cook\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nEdward\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n38<\/td>\n33 St Luke Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ingamells<\/td>\nEthel Mary<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n\u00a08 The Avenue, Linnaeus Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ingamells<\/td>\nLottie<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n\u00a08 The Avenue, Linnaeus Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ingamells<\/td>\nMartha Rebecca<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n\u00a08 The Avenue, Linnaeus Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ledner<\/td>\nEdward<\/td>\n89<\/td>\nTrinity House, Carr Lane, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Longstaff<\/strong><\/td>\nJohn\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n71<\/td>\n6 \u00a0William\u2019s Place, Upper Union Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Naylor<\/td>\nRuby Mary<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Naylor<\/td>\nAnnie<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Naylor<\/td>\nEdward<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Naylor<\/td>\nJeffery<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Naylor<\/td>\nCharlotte<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n32 Collier Street, Brook Street, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pattison<\/td>\nJames<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n39b Regent Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slip<\/td>\nEdward<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n23 Queen Street, Market Place, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Smith<\/td>\nJohn<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n2 Queens Alley, Blackfriargate, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Youell<\/td>\nGeorge Henry<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n4 \u00a0Post Office Entry, Blackfriargate, Hull<\/td>\n06\/03\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mathews<\/td>\nJesse<\/td>\n2 months<\/td>\n11 Cotton Terrace, Barnsley Street, Hull<\/td>\n04\/04\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bond<\/strong><\/td>\nElizabeth Jane\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n75<\/td>\n6 Sydney Terrace, George Street, Hull<\/td>\n08\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Evers<\/td>\nEmma Louise<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n25 Brunswick Avenue, St Georges Road, Hull<\/td>\n08\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stobbart<\/strong><\/td>\nEsther\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n31<\/td>\n13 Henry\u2019s Terrace, Wassand Street, Hull<\/td>\n08\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bearpark<\/td>\nEmmie<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n35 Selby Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broadley<\/td>\nJohn Charles<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4 Roland Avenue, Arthur Street, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hall<\/td>\nElizabeth<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n61 Selby Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hall<\/td>\nMary<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n61 Selby Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mary Louise Bearpark<\/td>\nMary Louise<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n35 Selby Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wilcockson\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nThe Rev., Arthur\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n86<\/td>\n32 Granville Street, Hull<\/td>\n09\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hall<\/td>\nRose Alma<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n61 Selby Street, Anlaby Road, Hull<\/td>\n10\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lingard<\/td>\nCharles<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n61 Walliker Street, Hull<\/td>\n14\/08\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jones\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nWilliam\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n80<\/td>\n19 Trinity House, Posterngate, Hull<\/td>\n17\/09\/1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clarkson\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nWilliam\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n62<\/td>\n2 Adderbury Grove, Beverley Road, Hull<\/td>\n22\/08\/1917<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Masterman\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nSarah\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n58<\/td>\n9 Humber Avenue, Scarborough Street, Hull<\/td>\n12\/03\/1918<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Notes. All Casualties were buried in Hull. Alderman, John Henry Hargreaves, Lord Mayor of Hull, in 1915, provided burial funds for all victims, apart from two.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Related links<\/strong> –\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Thank You to Robert Searle from the BBC, the Hull Daily Mail , ‘Hull: The Good Old days ‘(Facebook), Radio Humberside and others for their photographs. <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n
Also David Dixon for his excellent research on the Air Raids, available at the Hull History Centre (Ref No: C\/SRL\/R\/G5 Box 12)<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n
See also following Zeppelin Links<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n
1. Hull’s First, forgotten Blitz<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0http:\/\/www.hulldailymail.co.uk\/Hull-Blitz-Zeppelins-brought-horror-WW1-home\/story-22054506-detail\/story.html<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n
2. Kapitanleutnant Heinrich\u00a0Mathy\u00a0<\/span>(1883-1916)<\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/em>Commander of the L9 Zeppelin which bombed Hull<\/span><\/span>\u00a0–\u00a0http:\/\/www.gwpda.org\/bio\/m\/mathy.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n
3. The 100th Aniversary of Zeppelin Raids on Hull\u00a0<\/span>–\u00a0http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/p02syysz<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n
Please also find BBC Radio Humberside\u2019s Facebook page,\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bbcradiohumberside?fref=ts <\/span><\/a><\/span>And the Twitter page, using the hashtag<\/span>\u00a0#hullzeppelin<\/span>\u00a0throughout the anniversary commemoration,\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/twitter.com\/RadioHumberside\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/span>Please get involved if you can. The Zeppelin raid story must be told as part of Hull’s history, and social media is the best way of achieving this aim.<\/span><\/h5>\n
4.\u00a0<\/span>The Hull Zeppelin Raids 1915-18<\/span>\u00a0Paperback<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 1 Jun 2014\u00a0<\/span><\/span>by\u00a0Arthur G. Credland<\/span><\/a>\u00a0(Author)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n
5.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span>.<\/span><\/em>http:\/\/www.mylearning.org\/zeppelin-raids-in-the-humber-during-ww1\/p-4738\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Britain was the first county in history to experience widespread strategic bombing of civilians. Two large, rigid air ships, named Zeppelins L3 & L4, after their creator Count Ferdinand Von Zeppelin, dropped bombs on eastern coastal towns in January 1915. They caused casualties in Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn. As in the Second World War, … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-our-losses"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6"}],"version-history":[{"count":77,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":64303,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6\/revisions\/64303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ww1hull.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}